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<title>Universal Systems Language</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Universal Systems Language</span></span>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Universal Systems Language</b> (<b>USL</b>) is a systems <a href="Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">modeling language</a> and <a href="Formal_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal method">formal method</a> for the specification and design of software and other complex systems. It was designed by <a href="Margaret_Hamilton_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Hamilton (scientist)">Margaret Hamilton</a> based on her experiences writing flight software for the <a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USL_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USL-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language is implemented through the 001 Tool Suite software by Hamilton Technologies, Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> USL evolved from 001AXES which in turn evolved from AXES all of which are based on Hamilton's axioms of control. The 001 Tool Suite uses the preventive concept of Development Before the Fact (DBTF) for its life-cycle development process. DBTF eliminates errors as early as possible during the development process removing the need to look for errors after-the-fact.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2></div>

<p>USL was inspired by Hamilton's recognition of patterns or categories of errors occurring during Apollo software development.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton2018_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Certain correctness guarantees are embedded in the USL grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>USL is regarded by some users as more <a href="Usability" title="Usability">user-friendly</a> than other formal systems.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not only a formalism for software, but also defines <a href="Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">ontologies</a> for common elements of problem domains, such as physical space and event timing.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formalism_for_a_theory_of_control">Formalism for a theory of control</h2></div>

</p><p>Primitive structures are universal in that they are able to be used to derive new abstract universal structures, functions or types. The process of deriving new objects (i.e., structures, types and functions) is equivalent to the process of deriving new types in a constructive type theory.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2></div>

<p>The process of developing a software system with USL together with its automation, the 001 Tool Suite (001), is as follows: define the system with USL, automatically analyze the definition with 001's analyzer to ensure that USL was used correctly, automatically generate much of the design and all of the implementation code with 001's generator.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> USL can be used to lend its formal support to other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Systems_philosophy" title="Systems philosophy">Systems philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Model-driven_architecture" title="Model-driven architecture">Model-driven architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_modeling_language" title="Systems modeling language">Systems modeling language</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_process_methodology" class="mw-redirect" title="Object process methodology">Object process methodology</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-USL-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USL_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Margaret_Hamilton_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Hamilton (scientist)">M. Hamilton</a> and W. R. Hackler, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.htius.com/Articles/r12ham.pdf">Universal Systems Language: Lessons Learned from Apollo</a>", IEEE Computer, Dec. 2008.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.htius.com">001 Tool Suite (1986-2020)</a></span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_H._Hamilton,_Hamilton_Technologies2012" class="citation web cs1">Margaret H. Hamilton, Hamilton Technologies (September 27, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.computer.org/sponsored/podcast/lmco/lmco-089-p.mp4?_kip_ipx=966916323-1480349712">""Universal Systems Language and its Automation, the 001 Tool Suite, for Designing and Building Systems and Software" Lockheed Martin/IEEE Computer Society Webinar Series"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Hamilton2018-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton2018_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hamilton, Margaret H. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMS.2018.290110447">"What the Errors Tell Us"</a>. <i><a href="IEEE_Software" title="IEEE Software">IEEE Software</a></i>. <b>35</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">32–</span>37. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMS.2018.290110447">10.1109/MS.2018.290110447</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0740-7459">0740-7459</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52896962">52896962</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dolha, Steve, Chiste, Dave, "A Remote Query System for the Web: Managing the Development of Distributed Systems.", Chapter 32, Internet Management, Editor Jessica Keyes, Auerbach, 2000.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krut, Jr., B., "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA293427.pdf">Integrating 001 Tool Support in the Feature-Oriented Domain Analysis Methodology</a>" (CMU/SEI-93-TR-11, ESC-TR-93-188), Pittsburgh, SEI, Carnegie Mellon University, 1993.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Margaret_Hamilton_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Hamilton (scientist)">Hamilton, M.</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.htius.com/Articles/ELECTRONIC_DESIGN/INSIDE_DBTF.pdf">Inside Development Before the Fact"</a>, cover story, Special Editorial Supplement, 8ES-24ES. Electronic Design, Apr. 1994.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Margaret_Hamilton_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Hamilton (scientist)">Hamilton, M.</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.htius.com/Articles/ELECTRONIC_DESIGN/001_A_FULL_LIFE_CYCLE.pdf">001: A FULL LIFE CYCLE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT Development Before The Fact In Action"</a>, cover story, Special Editorial Supplement, 8ES-24ES. Electronic Design, Apr. 1994.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ouyang, M., Golay, M.W. 1995, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/67642">An Integrated Formal Approach for Developing High Quality Software of Safety-Critical Systems</a></i>, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Report No. MIT-ANP-TR-035.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Software Productivity Consortium, (SPC) (1998), <i>Object-Oriented Methods and Tools Survey</i>, Herndon, VA.SPC-98022-MC, Version 02.00.02, December 1998.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Schindler (1990) <i>Computer Aided Software Design</i>, John Wiley & Sons, 1990.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* Department of Defense (1992). <i>Software engineering tools experiment-Final report</i>, Vol. 1, Experiment Summary, Table 1, p. 9. Strategic Defense Initiative, Washington, D.C.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Margaret_Hamilton_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Hamilton (scientist)">Hamilton, M.</a> Hackler, W.R., "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.htius.com/Articles/INCOSE.pdf">A Formal Universal Systems Semantics for SysML</a>, 17th Annual International Symposium, INCOSE 2007, San Diego, CA, June 2007.</span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Hamilton, M., Zeldin, S. (1976), "Higher Order Software — A Methodology for Defining Software," IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. SE-2, no. 1, Mar. 1976.</li>

<li>Hamilton, M. (April 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.htius.com/Articles/Inside_DBTF.pdf">"Inside Development Before the Fact"</a>. (Cover story). Special Editorial Supplement. 8ES-24ES. <i>Electronic Design</i>.</li>

<li>Hamilton, M. (June 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.htius.com/Articles/001_A_Full_Life_Cycle.pdf">"001: A Full Life Cycle Systems Engineering and Software Development Environment"</a>. (Cover story). Special Editorial Supplement. 22ES-30ES. <i>Electronic Design</i>.</li>

<li>Hamilton, M., Hackler, W.R.. (2004), Deeply Integrated Guidance Navigation Unit (DI-GNU) Common Software Architecture Principles (revised dec-29-04), DAAAE30-02-D-1020 and DAAB07-98-D-H502/0180, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, 2003–2004.</li>

<li>Hamilton, M. and Hackler, W.R. (2007), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.htius.com/Articles/36.pdf">Universal Systems Language for Preventative Systems Engineering</a>," <i>Proc. 5th Ann. Conf. Systems Eng. Res.</i> (CSER), Stevens Institute of Technology, Mar. 2007, paper #36.</li>

<li>Hamilton, M.; Hackler, W. R. (2007). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.htius.com/Articles/INCOSE.pdf">A Formal Universal Systems Semantics for SysML</a>". 17th Annual International Symposium, INCOSE 2007, San Diego, CA, Jun. 2007.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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